What Swimsuit It Gretchen Wearing

"PALOMAR IN VALDESAZ OF OTERO (León)"

"PALOMAR IN VALDESAZ OF OTERO (León)"

Materials used: acurelables pencils, watercolors.

Van Gogh Watercolor Paper for Fine grain, 200g/m2 (19x24cm)

March 2011

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Alfaro: "I have two months without playing, and that nobody likes"

After a good start to the campaign in minutes and goals in the second round just Palmerin has had opportunities, a situation that makes him open the doors of its output if it does not change.

- Tell me. How's you in the mood?

"Well, well, you try to give always the same, both good and bad moments. When you're in the situation where I am now no choice but to work doubly hard to get another chance again.



"Despite his good start to the season, has disappeared from the calls ...

"Yes, I take bad because nobody likes to not play. Furthermore I did after matches in the first round, where I played in three competitions and I did pretty well when I participated. See now this is not tasteful dish for anyone away from the lists and do not have minutes is unpleasant.

- What blames this change? Maybe the return of Jesus Navas of your injury?

"It is clear that it is very important for the team, world champion and when he returned it was clear that it would be fixed in the schemes. I do not think it is due to the fact that it does not play. In the first round I played in the midfielder, on the right and left There are many changes and variations in a match. Do not ascribe to that.

- Do you know which has more than two months without playing? His last appearance was in the Sevilla-Levante .

"It's sad that situation, no player wants. Anyway, yesterday returned to the pitch-Palmerin joked about the encounter played last night in Estepa.

- Dialog lot with Manzano?

"No, I'm just working, things we talk about training, assessments that moves me. Nothing more.

-His good season last year in Tenerife earned him the right to demand some minutes this season. Are your expectations met?

"I came not demanding anything, it would be good. We are in Seville and the template is very large for a single competition. It is true that in the first round was very happy with my level, with the opportunities I was having, but at the end I'm not happy. As you said before, two months ago that do not play and I'm not at all happy.

Her agent has already complained in the same way a few weeks ago ...

"Yes, I've given up when I have then there have been times when you have not trusted me, but hey, I can only abide by Mr. decisions and continue working.

- Does your status canterano harm?

"I think so. Here a double to succeed, we look more closely. Any player who comes from another league, which they paid, are supposed to get more contrast.

"In the new club's youth project, what place is you?

"I still can not approach it. When the season ends we'll talk. I have one year left on his contract and will listen to Sevilla, but no one closes the door to an exit.



- And in the winter market failed to overcome?

-I had several offers, yes, but both the club as I throw.

"Tell me about the team, looks like another with the arrival of Rakitic and Medel.

"The team has changed a bit. I think we passed bill eliminating the Champions League qualifiers at all. Is a burden that we have all season. Rakitic takes a few games and now totals several goals that have given us points, and Medel, every time you play, does a great job. They are two great successes.

- arrive a little late to hope to get into the Champions League?

"Still not too late, as long as all mathematical possibilities can be achieved. The basic thing is to get our points, and then worry about our opponents.

- Do you think that is the slump at the end of a cycle?

"That's not my job, is up to the club. They have to see what they should bring it or not, I will not get into it. At the end of the season and talk to see mine, if you tell me or not, the rest of the staff a thing of the sport address.

-Resúmame in three words the frustration of those soccer coaching every week and not play

-Impotence resignation and sadness, a mixture of these.

-Apuésteme by the two teams playing Champions League next year outside the two major .

-Sevilla and Villarreal.

"Another bet: will be Alfaro or Acosta?

-I'm off those bets, I just want to be happy here on my computer.

"So be it ...

Thanks.



ABC INTERVIEW OF SEVILLE

How Long To Keep Sew In Weaves

begin work on the new tier of the Stadium of La Palma

The Tuesday began construction on the stadium City of La Palma. This reform consist of creating a new tier , which will be in the area so far was the band of the dugout.





The stand will have a total of 40 meters long, with ten steps and a capacity for about 700 spectators (much higher than the municipal flag). With the goal of sports clubs of La Palma, to have its headquarters particular in the same sports arena (just below the new bleachers). Of course, the entrance to these venues will be in the street Bollullos and have no access to the football field.

Thus, the consistory Palmerin meet one of the points that were pending from the demolition of the historic Zarcilla Stadium.



occasion of the renovation, the benches have been placed just under the current forum . Although upon completion of the works will be moved back to its usual area .





To me honestly, I much prefer that the benches are where they are now. The visiting team feels much Press and coaches' fit for the circus ", would control more when riding their noisy antics.



Until next year not use the new tier, although it is expected that in May is the official opening.

Confrimation Letter To Priest

Alejandro Alfaro dipped in Estepa, in another gesture of Gregorio Manzano ugly

After many games without doing it again Alejandro Alfaro minutes to enjoy a level playing field in the friendly match played last night in the in Estepa Sevilla FC, with a selection called School Baseball Players of the Sierra Sur de Sevilla .

The game ended 1-4 for Sevilla . Alejandro Alfaro

played the first 45 minutes, is the author of nervionenses second goal. Minutes before the player had wrong Palmerin a penalty.



In the second half, Gregorio Manzano put at stake to another team and ushered Jesus Alfaro, who thus debut with the first team.

I do not know the work involved in the dance technique, offer the opportunity to match Alfaro brothers together on the ground a few minutes game. I do not understand, really. And say he is a psychologist? because it is the youth squad Palmerin plunging and crushing each day a little more. Not even able to keep this detail that had been so nice for both players. I do not know what it is striker against La Palma del Condado. All I know is that in four and a half ratitos has played Alejandro Alfaro has been able to score seven goals between League, Europe League and Copa del Rey .



There are your numbers!

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The football, the time

We are in the decisive leg of the course fighting equipment piece by meet its objectives. In the case of youth, already thinking about next season, playing bottom club visit (Polideportivo Ejido). The goal, enjoy and seek a win to do some justice with the team and serve as a prize the great work that has taken place since summer. Remaining three days and should be savored butt because we do not know when it will repeat the historical campaign.



commitments this week for the cadets and infant Andaluza are marked in red on their calendars. And is that both teams will contest a grand final authentic late on Saturday in the intense battle for the remaining .

San Fermin and Cadiz City are rivals to beat. The two teams are planted in La Palma in fall posts, so that the triumph of our people would take a giant step on the initial target, because the points cushion over our rivals this weekend would begin to be advantageous.

An important role will tier .



We must all of us who love to wrap quarry to ours. Now more than ever need our encouragement, applause, cries of encouragement and motivation . Continue to make great our history and let it be the football itself to decide, but for us not to stay. In 16'00h to 20'00h , the stands of the big house Huelva football has to be a real "pressure cooker" . The first goal must come from the seats .



I leave you with the schedules of all games (13).

PLAY AT HOME

Saturday March 26

• 10'00h . Child 2 nd Provincial S. happy - Bollullos

• 11'30h . 1 st Provincial Benjamin, S. happy - Isla Cristina FC

• 11'30h . Benjamin 2 nd Prov G2, S. happy - San Juan

• 12'45h . Cadet 2 nd Prov G1, S. happy - San Vicente

• 16'00h . Cadet Andaluza, S. Alegres - San Fermin

• 18'00h . Child Andaluza, S. happy - Cadiz City

Sunday March 27

• 12'00h . Amateur 1st Andalusian La Palma CF - CF Barbate

NOT PLAY

Friday March 25

• 18'00h . Fry 2 ª Prov G3, FB Valverde - S.
happy
• 18'10h . Fry 2 ª Prov G2, R. Pancho - S.
happy
Saturday March 26

• 11'45h . Fry 2 ª Prov G3, P. Cubillas - S. happy

• 12'00h . 1 st Provincial Youth, Beas - S. happy

• 12'15h . Fry 2 nd Provincial Gibraleón - S. happy

Sunday March 27

• 12'00h . D. Young Honor, P. Ejido - S. happy



luck everyone!

Menards Laminate Countertop

rare isotopes by putting them on the scale.

In systems binary stars consisting of a neutron star and a less evolved companion, material rich in hydrogen and helium can be transferred to the surface of the neutron star. There is compressed and heated to extremely high temperatures that facilitate the thermonuclear runaway.

(The runaway is driven by the energy released in nuclear reactions triple-alpha and other nuclear reactions that "explode" from the so-called hot carbon cycle nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) [more information here].) Explosions are known as ] X-ray bursts type I, and throwing a large X-ray flux that are detected as a strong increase in X-ray luminosity, followed by a decay slower.
Most of the energy of the explosion from a series of nuclear reactions that occur after what is called the process of rapid proton capture (or, rp process): The protons are fused with nuclei seed in rapid succession, synthesizing isotopes in a zig-zag path proton fusion and decays inverse beta near the drip line of the protons, are the limits of nuclear existence beyond which the nucleus simply can not wrap to another proton. At the end of the explosion, the nuclei are on track to break and a population of nuclei to the line of stability. Rp process and increases the abundance of specific elements in the ashes of the surface of the neutron star, or even determine some of the observational properties of x-ray bursts, such as size and shape of the luminosity profile time. As the brightness can be linked to the mass of the neutron star, understanding nuclear reactions that contribute to the x-ray bursts is fundamental [see here and here ]. There is another reason to study the rp process: If the material synthesized during a burst of x-ray escape the gravitational field of the neutron star and is flung into the interstellar medium, could potentially be a source of specific chemicals in the galaxy, whose origins are difficult to explain. Examples include a series of proton-rich stable nuclei, such as molybdenum -92 or ruthenium 96.
Efforts to simulate the path of nucleosynthesis in the rp process and understand the production of these isotopes depend heavily on nuclear data, such as the masses, "the half-life , and catch rates of several unstable nuclei. The mass, or more specifically the proton separation energy (the energy required to remove a proton from a nucleus) plays a particularly decisivo.En present uncertainty in the experimentally determined masses of many unstable nuclei are significant ( In contrast, the theoretical predictions for the masses of stable nuclei are very good). However, the improvement of measures for the fences nuclei of proton drip lines, the most important for the rp process is difficult. The simulations of the production of zigzag paths are changed according to the assumed mass (energy separation), the predicted final abundance varies by an order of magnitude between the estimates.



at the top of the image shows an artist's illustration of an accreting neutron star in a binary system, proton-rich isotopes are produced in highly unstable bursts of x rays through a process called rp.Estos subsequently unstable isotopes decay into more stable isotopes could be the source of some rare isotopes earth. on the bottom of the image shows a possible rp process in the region of the nuclear chart where the group conducted its SHIPTRAP mediciones.El balance (between the proton radiative capture (p, γ) where the energy is released and the photodissociation (γ, p) where the energy is absorbed and emitted a proton creates and destroys the Technetium-87 respectively) is highly sensitive to nuclear mass measurements SHIPTRAP involucrada.Las new mass of Technetium-87 and in particular molibdeno86 show that photodissociation is relatively strong enough to prevent the flow of the reaction up and encouraging the disintegration process of beta in the nuclear region with A = 86.Credito: (Top) NASA / Dana Berry, (Bottom).


One of the main objectives of the ion trap SHIPTRAP , located in the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, is to improve mass measurements of unstable nuclei participate in the rp process. In an article appearing in the journal Physical Review Letters [see HERE ], an international team of scientists working in the measurements reported SHIPTRAP mass, some of which are the first proton-rich isotopes in the vicinity of the atomic mass (A) 84 (see bottom Fig.) This region is about 84 molybdenum - a call-out nuclear point because it is a radioactive nucleus, where the proton capture competes with the reverse dissociation reaction, and flow "uphill" in the nuclear table stops in essence, favoring instead a slow process of beta decay . Top mass measurements in this region may help predict the amount of energy produced in certain ways rp process and, in turn, how high a temperature can be achieved in a burst of x-rays. This in turn determines which items could be produced, for example, in a cycle called ZrNb-a cycle that takes an excited nuclear state through a series of arrests and decays back to its starting point and has the effect of inhibition of nucleosynthesis to the highest masses.
The heart of the experiments is a SHIPTRAP ion trap (Penning) a mass spectrometer which is the most precise and accurate instrument for determining the mass of short-lived isotopes. Penning traps are currently the workhorse for the mass measurement accuracy and are used in almost all facilities that produce beams rare. In these traps ions (which was given the Nobel prize in 1989 with Hans Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul) the cyclotron frequency ν with the charged particles which orbit in a combined electric and magnetic field is measured, and hence their mass is derived (through ν = m / q * B). Penning traps have been technically advanced to allow experiments in nearly all rare isotopes available from short-lived isotopes such as lithium 11, which has a half life of 8 ms [see here ] super heavy elements [see here], produced in tiny amounts of a few ions per minute or less.
SHIPTRAP The team measured the masses of ten neutron-deficient nuclei, which occurred in a fusion-evaporation reaction at the GSI SHIP velocity filter (a single source for relevant nuclei). The filter separated the shooting of the reaction products and other products do not stop at a gas cell. Thereafter, the ions are extracted and delivered to the ion trap system where the masses are determined with a relative accuracy of δ m / m ~ 10 ^- 7 to 10 ^{- 8} , or about 5 to 15 keV of absolute uncertainty (a atomic mass unit is about 1 GeV). The team finds low energy alpha separation (the energy required to remove the nucleus an alpha particle) compared to what was predicted and had been previously found in these nuclei. And with these exact mass values \u200b\u200bof nuclei, the team is able to conduct a reevaluation of the landscape of mass within a specific region of the nuclear card. Get a coherent picture of the masses, without breaks or gaps are artificial measures of the masses. Based on their data, recalculated rp process similar to what is expected in x-ray burst on a stage star. They find that once their new values \u200b\u200binclude mass production resulting in the mass number A = 86 is changed by a factor 20, the biggest change ever found in the calculation of rp process, once the New experimental results are included. This surprising result underlines the need for high quality nuclear data.
Interestingly, similar mass measurements made in the new Cooler Storage Ring in Research Facility in Lanzhou Heavy Ion, China, shows that the proton separation energy as arsenic-65 differs from the theoretical predictions. The authors also question the expectation that the germanium-64 is a core holding position. Although their measurements are less precise than the methods with the Penning trap made at GSI, the results of this team are also leading to new conclusions about the rp process.
SHIPTRAP The team also observed a change of scenery to the mass proton-rich nuclei in which are more loosely bound proton. Rp process seems to favor this path leads to a change in the abundance of other isotopes with A = 86 and the indirect parent of key isotope molybdenum-94 (10% molybdenum). Moreover, their newfound low-energy alpha separation suggests that the production cycle is favored ZrNb, which will put a limit on the temperature and energy availability in the rp process. To delve into this and put more restrictions on such possibilities, more direct measurements of masses, in particular for zirbonium-80, zirconium-81, niobium-83, and of course the molybdenum-84, are necessary because they perform a key role in understanding the rp process and the scope and limits of the production of items such a scenario.
understand the nucleosynthesis and energy X-ray bursts requires an interdisciplinary approach between astronomical observations, astrophysical models and calculations, and a good understanding of the underlying nuclear physics. This work shows the amazing vision that comes from precision measurements of a few (but key) properties of nuclear physics.




source of information:




http://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/24

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THE GRAPES OF WRATH: THE HISTORY REPEATS

I started reading "The Grapes of Wrath" by John Steinbeck, the atmosphere is the Great Depression of the 30, in Oklahoma a long drought ruined the crops, more or less the story goes like this with my words as one farmer protagonists: "My grandfather came to this land and killed Indians to stay with her land is bad, really only good for grazing, but here cultivated cotton, at the end kill the earth, we were born and we die, we owned, but began to crop failures, and asking for money to the bank (the monster they call it), and from time then asked for more and a bad harvest followed, and finally the monster was to land and became tenants of our lands, but the monster needs to grow and have benefits but dies, and has 50,000 acres, and finally we check of our land and a tractor with a foreman does the work of 10 families, the monster is not a man but is led by men who have no guilt, but needs to grow and win because if he does not die, but not to blame anyone misses us and our lands. "

Sounds.

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hobby CCD Joyful Always fry in the title goes

The CCD Always Joyful proclaimed last weekend champion in the sixteenth edition of the Mini World Cup Schools .

The big house Huelva football again left its distinctive mark on this tournament that had its setting in Las Cabezas de San Juan .

team and John Teba, offered a real spectacle within the pitch, receiving praise and compliments football in our region.



Then make public a letter that I sent members fry coaching staff with the request of publication in this blog.

From early in the cop were to travel to Seville town of Las Cabezas de San Juan , where they celebrated the sixteenth Mundialito Soccer Schools.

We got on the bus and you could see the actors faces nerviosimo, very concerned because we arrived they wanted to get rid of the sweats and put on boots and shin to enjoy the ball, which is what they like.

monitors, sleepy and got some nerves in the body, they just wanted the day goes very fun for the kids and everyone with disfrutásemos them.

Immediately upon arrival in the sports arena, saw the official presentation along with the other teams in contention the mudialito. After the opening ceremony we sat in the stands to wait for our big moment. We all expected.

the time was approaching and began to warm, we interrupt the warming and make us a photo, and we throw our first compliment.

time is coming our debut and nerves are shot. The players had a white face ...

The first game cost us some work, because we were not accustomed to the gameplay and nerves passed bill. During the first part we get ahead on the scoreboard, despite not implement the colorful game that has accompanied us throughout the season. However, with just two minutes remaining tied us. In the second quarter is just slightly better than the third, which we won by one goal to nil.

We return to sit in the stands and not all feelings were good, and we were very nervous and it takes its toll. To make matters worse, the temperature was quite high and in the field had not even an inch of shade.

We have to play the second match against host team , which stood leader after winning the first three partial match; 2-0, 2-1 and 2-0 .

Ours, more relaxed after seeing a few more games, they began to pitch. We looked like we wanted the ball and were moving our way. Thus we get the first victory in the first set 2-0. What a play! How wonderful to see us! In fact, thanks to them, we win the other two sets by 1-0 .

After this meeting, we had to regain strength and move us to a restaurant to eat.

Around the football field and as we walked down the steps to get where were our parents to take their backpacks and start playing again, as we pointed "superstars" . But we, with heads and feet on the ground continue with the same objectives; ENJOY THE DAY doing what we liked.

Once posted the results of the group, play the third and final group game as unbeaten leader, with just one goal and eight in favor. We just needed to add a point to get the ticket to semifinals . But we do not conformábamos with it and wanted more and still admire the participants of the championship winning again the three partial 0-3, 0-4 and 0-2 .

ends the group stage and finished as best first with 17 points, 17 goals scored and only 1 against .

For semifinal awaited us the best runner was The Louisiana, playing in Group I and level on points with the first quadrant.

Now came the moment of truth . Where you had to give everything, because we thought we did not go that far. But once here, we would not leave nothing out and I would give everything on the field. The three sets were very close as is often the semi-finals of the championships, where the first be relied on our behalf 1-0. The second was pretty tight where we were not able to open the can and be the first partial stay unchecked ( 0-0). Again we had to throw more fire on the grill to try to score and be able to get the coveted tickets to the FINAL . Both fire

cast we were able to maintain our level best and fatigue in the kids did not notice. Thus came the victory (2-0 ) that gave us a place in the GRAND FINAL .

The happiness erupted in the stands, as in the field between players and coaches . Without thinking and rather than an end, we would be at least the mundialito runners.

After several minutes of rest, would begin the GRAN FINAL and we were ready and we had the wood on the grill to get the win. The first quarter was very even as the second, each decanted into a computer, the first toward us and the second 1-0 to 0-1 them. After the end of it, and you could see the equality in the game, that nothing was resolved until the final set.

other and more nervous now than ever because we were on the brink of achieving something that no we imagined, came back to win the final set victory giving us the championship and proclaiming MUNDIALITO XVI CHAMPIONS OF FOOTBALL sculpture. Being also the team's top scorer with 22 points and the lowest thrashed. Receiving only 2 many against.

Thanks to you we have experienced a very special day that will never forget. Now we have the FINAL PHASE that, like this mundialito, will prepare with a lot of humility and work to go with the same objectives; live two wonderful days enjoying our favorite sport to do so as we know and the head on the ground will make a pretty good role. THANKS LADS


you deserve

Your coaches;
Teba and John

Congratulations!

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"CUESTA DE SAN VICENTE (Vitoria)."

"CUESTA SAN VICENTE (Vitoria)."

Materials used: watercolors, watercolor pencils, watercolor wax.

Watercolor sheet 220 g/m2 (37x26cm) March 2011

Full Length Mirror Tri Fold

Mundialito and Jesus Alejandro Alfaro are released together tonight

On many occasions we discussed the possibility of looking together in the future the brothers Alejandro Jesus Alfaro . It is clearly one of the dreams accompanying both players, defending the Sevilla FC elastic being teammates. Perhaps it is early to talk about that in a competitive match, but using the break league, Sevilla FC will play tonight (20'00h) in Estepa, a friendly match for which Gregorio Manzano has summoned the two players Palmerin.



In this way and if it sees fit coach Jaen, Alejandro and Jesus will defend the elastic together Sevilla in the field.

It would be nice and hope that Manzano is not twisted and provide the opportunity for youth players of Always Joyful CCD. You know that

Alejandro Alfaro not enjoy the trust of the coach of Bailen. reasons? , which is bold and does not provide the same confidence that the youth players who come from outside. Although they are far below those players in the home, they have preference. I do not understand, but true.



For his part, Jesus Alfaro continues to grow by leaps and bounds in C Sevilla, where he joined four goals in eight games he has played under the command of Diego Martinez .



luck to them both and hopefully we can talk tomorrow this beautiful experience.

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Vidal Fede Successful conference in the tenth anniversary of La Palma FS

On Monday took place in Spain Theatre de la Palma del Condado, the presentation of the tenth anniversary of the CD Smurfit Kappa Hall La Palma Fúlbol . This event contained as the main point conference on "basic futsal" , conducted by D. Vidal Federico Montaldo (2 º coach national team football).



subsequently introduced the tenth anniversary logo and all activities to be carried out this year. The conference
shared
table with the aforementioned Federal Vidal, D. Luís Rodríguez Olivenza (CEDIF member and host of the conference), D. Miguel Sarria (Andalusian chairman of football), D. José Carlos Alvarez (Councillor of the City Hall sports Palma del Cdo) and D. Jesús Martínez Calvo (Chairman of Smurfit Kappa CD FS La Palma).



The event was a success and attracted over one hundred people. Among the attendees were present many characters as futsal Andalusian Carlos Pareja, Victor Vizuete (University of Sevilla) Sergio Sánchez (Alcalá sports), Manu Falcon (Future Carmonense) or Fran Migo. Also attending Andalusian club managers as FS Nazareno, CD Alcala or FS Villalba.



From here reiterate my congratulations Palmerin club.



CONGRATULATIONS!

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La Palma CF - CF Barbate, Sunday at 12 the best judge '00h

We have time for week twenty-nine league. La Palma CF receive Sunday at the 12'00h CF Barbate. A newly promoted-heavy category and a very high purchasing power at the club Palmerin.

Currently, Barbate add more than five points CF La Palma in the standings. Allowing you to be seventh in the standings with 41 points .



The whole Kiki faces the choice of cutting points to a direct rival in the struggle to stay in the area privilege. To do this, simply follow the line of work that has been maintained since the competition began. The playing style of La Palma CF brings more positive things than negative. The last Saturday in Tharsis is a thing of football. I come to insist upon this, for me, La Palma is CF best football club makes more . After you win, draw or lose because this is a sport and maybe we miss something very important, which is bad milk maturity and experience that is giving us the same competition.



If we can keep this excellent group of friends (to which players), I am totally convinced that none can with this sports project, which is so good looking that is impossible to think of a return to not too distant third. I think so. But I say it's a personal opinion.

Returning to the game next Sunday, the meeting will be led by the (to me) best collegiate group January 1 ª Andaluza; Morgan Montes.



This young college Seville (we blew on the second day of league ball before Cadiz), noted for its dialogue in the field, his intention to leave and do not always play ball stop circulation . But above all, known for almost always happen unnoticed and give prominence to the players themselves . I do not know what they expect to upgrade. Perhaps this type of college is not interesting because it offers a spectacle! is very sad about the college referees ...

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testing gravity in gas-rich galaxies.

The rotation curve of a galaxy indicates the orbital velocity of material depending on the distance from the center of the galaxy. In the 1970s, astronomer Vera Rubin measured the rotation curves of several of the nearest spiral galaxies . To his amazement, the curves were flat over the edge of the stellar disk of the galaxy [see here for more information.] Under the standard theory of gravity implies that the mass in the outskirts of these systems is much greater than that of gas and stars detected in them. Today the flatness of rotation curves of spiral galaxies remains key evidence dark matter, which in the broadest sense is a matter that obeys the law of gravity, but does not emit any light.
Dark matter is an integral component of the current most favored cosmological model, in which 90% of matter in the universe is composed of massive particles ("cold"), which interact only through gravity. The model is called Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM ), with Λ denoting cosmological constant (sometimes called "dark energy ") that accelerates the expansion in recent cosmological times. An impressive set of observations are consistent with this picture, since the spectrum fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (the first issue of free photons in the Universe, for example, see [ here ]), the luminosity of the distant supernovae [more here and here ]. The community of astrophysicists has adopted ΛMDL as the standard cosmological model, which makes the nature of matter Dark is one of the most important outstanding issues in the field of astrophysics.
But not all cosmologists are happy with this image. Some are uncomfortable with the unknown components in the standard model, and they worry that the cosmology in the last 30 years has been downgraded to "name unknown" (eg, [see here ], but see also [ here]). In spiral galaxies, at least, an alternative to invoking dark matter is to modify the theory of gravity in regions where there is a discrepancy between the mass inferred from the dynamics (using gravity normal) and baryonic mass (ie, the census of normal material found in stars and gas). The most successful of these ideas is MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics [see here ]), which modifies gravity at small accelerations to produce flat galactic rotation curves. For gravitational acceleration ( a) less than a critical value to ₀ , the usual relationship of Newton F = m to is modified F = m to ² / to ₀ and therefore the circular speed around a mass M asymptotically approaches a constant value v = f ( G M to ₀ ) ^{1 / 4} . Once the universal constant to ₀ fixed observationally, MOND explains the way the rotation curve of galaxies with baryonic mass alone, while the correlation is observed between their rates of rotation and luminosity.
By construction, MOND requires the baryonic mass of a galaxy is proportional to the fourth power of the circular speed is M _b α v _f ⁴ . Independent verification of this relationship is impractical in typical spiral galaxies in which stars dominate the baryonic mass, it is difficult to reliably infer total stellar mass M _* . Although most of the light in a galaxy comes from massive stars, most of the stellar mass in the galaxy lies in the faint, low mass stars. To estimate the stellar mass of a galaxy from the amount of light emitted, we need a model that combines the well-understood stellar physics with estimates of the distribution of mass and age of stars in the galaxy. These models exist (for example, [see here ]), but suffer from significant systematic uncertainties that can be correlated with the mass. To avoid these uncertainties, one is forced to rely on to measure MOND M _* from rotation curves of galaxies, which imposes the relation M _b α v _f ⁴ to the data. At this stage the relationship is not a prediction of MOND, but rather a consequence of the imposition of MOND for M _b from the beginning.


composite image of spiral galaxy IC gas-rich dwarf 2574.El atomic gas is represented in blue, orange stars are old and young stars are shown in púrpura.La horizontal green bar shows a scale physical than 15000 light years this corresponds approximately half of the distance between the sun and the center of the Milky Láctea.IC 2574 not part of the study McGaugh but it illustrates how the baryonic mass of some galaxies is completely dominated by hydrogen atómico.Credito: Courtesy of the Things survey team.

Writing in Physical Review Letters [see here ] Stacy McGaugh at the University of Maryland, USA, suggests that for a class of galaxies with stellar masses are compensated by their masses atomic gas (eg, see image), the relationship M b α v _{f 4} can be used to test the validity of MOND. Unlike the stellar masses, the masses of atomic gas are easily measured using the line "21 cm", an emission line at a rest wavelength of 21 cm (observable with radio telescopes), which is produced by the hyperfine transition spin-flip of the ground state atomic hydrogen. As the atomic hydrogen gas the main contributor to M _b in these galaxies, the systematic uncertainties in the stellar masses irrelevant. M _b and v f can therefore be measured independently of any cosmological theory or gravity and used to test MOND. McGaugh
literature collected in a sample of 47 gas-rich galaxies, for which recent observations of the spectral line of 21 cm provide reliable estimates of both the atomic gas mass (which is combined with models of stellar population masses produce M b) and asymptotically flat rotation speed vf. These data show a striking similarity to the prediction of MOND of M _b α v _f ⁴ , and also agrees with the acceleration parameter to ₀ needed to bring the curves rotation of galaxies dominated by stars. McGaugh, also states that the data have no dispersion on the prediction of MOND beyond measurement errors. This statement seems to be premature, due to incomplete statistics, large distance uncertainties (many of the masses of galaxies are based on estimated distances only), and other realities coverage do not seem to be taken into account. This introduces biases in the observed scale and has been shown to reduce the observed dispersion (eg, see [ here]). These biases will most likely not significantly change the observed correlation, but make sure the exact details, in particular the interpretation of dispersion. The relationship
M _b α v _f 4 can be interpreted by the model Λ CDM , only require a particular level, among the masses subject baryonic dark of a galaxy (in particular that the detectable fraction of baryons is proportional to the speed of rotation). There is a well known astrophysical processes such as energy feedback from star formation that produces the correct qualitative trend, but it takes some adjustment to match the details. I find that MOND explains the observed relationship is a new triumph for the model in the context of these gas-rich galaxies. McGaugh
results add a new facet to the argument that it is better to explain MOND galaxies standard cosmology. However, as admitted McGaugh, MOND can not compete with Λ CDM as a complete cosmological theory. MOND attempts to generalize in a relativistic theory of gravity fully abound, but even more promising as ( Teves or tensor-vector-scalar [see here ]) struggles to interpret the combination of observations scale model of the universe that Λ CDM explained very well. The adjustment required in MOND, especially to explain the dynamics of galaxy clusters, is more severe than that suffered by the Λ model CDM to match the rotation curves of galaxies. We know that standard but poorly baryonic physics understood, plays an important role in shaping the properties of galaxies in the CDM Λ . The reconciliation of MOND with clusters of galaxies, by contrast, requires the invocation of significant amounts of missing matter, which MOND was designed to avoid, in the first place.
McGaugh The proposed test is a critical MOND, and applying it to the gas-rich galaxies observed recently is an important proof of concept. An ideal sample for this test should soon be available from studies with the next generation of radio telescopes that will produce large catalogs spatially resolved gas-rich galaxies. If MOND will or not other tests in the future as McGaugh found in this work will, it is clear that any viable cosmological scenario is complete unless you can explain the remarkable success of MOND phenomenology in spiral galaxies.


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http://physics.aps.org/articles / v4/23